401-500

401. Silverman ME, Pressel MD, Brackett JC, et al. Prognostic value of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram and a prolonged QRS in ischemic and

　nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 460-464.

402. Adachi K, Ohnishi Y, Yokoyama M, et al. Risk stratification for sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy using microvoltlevel T-wave alternans. Jpn

Circ J 2001; 65: 76-80.

403. Sakabe K, Ikeda T, Sakata T, et al. Comparison of T-wave alternans and QT-interval dispersion to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with

　dilated cardiomyopathy and without antiarrhythmic drug efficacy: A prospective study. Jpn Heart J 2001; 42: 451-457.

404. Sarzi Braga S, Vaninetti R, Laporta A, et al. T wave alternans is a predictor of death in patients with congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2004; 93: 31

　-38.

405. Fontaine G, Frank R, Vedel J, et al. Stimulation studies and epicardial mapping in ventricular tachycardia: study of mechanisms and selection for

　surgery. In: H.E. Kulbertus, Editor, Reentrant Arrhythmias, MTP Publishing, Lancaster, PA 1977: 334-350.

406. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, et al. Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia. Proposed Modification of the

　Task Force Criteria. Circulation 2010 Feb 19. [Epub ahead of print]

407. Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Guiraudon G, et al. Right ventricular dysplasia: a report of 24 adult cases. Circulation 1982; 65: 384-398.

408. Marcus FI, Fontaine G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplas ia/cardiomyopathy: a revi ew. Pacing Cl in Electrophysiol 1995; 18: 1298-1314.

409. Norman MW, McKenna WJ. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: perspectives on disease. Z Kardiol 1999; 88: 550-554.

410. Kullo IJ, Edwards WD, Seward JB, et al. Right ventricular dysplasia: the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70: 541-548.

411. 里見和浩，栗田隆志，田口敦志，他．植え込み型除細動器植え込み患者における致死的不整脈発生パターン─基礎疾患別検討─．J Arrhythmia 2003; 19:

　529-534.

412. Wichter T, Paul M, Wollmann C, et al. Soeparwata R, Block M, Borggrefe M, Scheld HH, Breithardt G, Bocker D. Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator

　therapy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: singlecenter experience of long-term follow-up and complications in 60 patients. Circulation

　2004; 109: 1503-1508.

413. Mckoy G, Protonotarios N, Crosby A, et al. Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with

　palmoplantar keratoderma and wooly hair (Naxos disease). Lancet 2000; 355: 2119-2124.

414. Furushima H, Chinushi M, Sugiura H, et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with cardiac sarcoidosis: its mechanisms and outcome. Clin

　Cardiol 2004; 27: 217-222.

415. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and

　electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 1391-1396.

416. Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report. Circulation 2002; 106: 2514

　-2519.

417. London B, Michalec M, Mehdi H, et al. Mutation in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) decreases cardiac Na+ current and

　causes inherited arrhythmias. Circulation 2007; 116: 2260-2268.

418. Watanabe H, Koopmann TT, Le Scouarnec S, et al. Sodium channel beta1 subunit mutations associated with Brugada syndrome and cardiac

　conduction disease in humans. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2260-2268.

419. Delpon E, Cordeiro JM, Nunez L, et al. Functional Effects of KCNE3 Mutation and its Role in the Development of Brugada Syndrome. Circ Arrhythm

　Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 209-218.

420. Atarashi H, Ogawa S. Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Investigators. New ECG criteria for high-risk Brugada syndrome. Circ J 2003; 67: 8-10.

421. Kusano KF, Taniyama M, Nakamura K, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with Brugada syndrome relationships of gene mutat ion, elect rophys iology,

　and cl inical backgrounds. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1169-1175.

422. Morita H, Kusano-Fukushima K, Nagase S, et al. Atrial fibrillation and atrial vulnerability in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;

　40: 1437-1444.

423. Morita H, Kusano KF, Miura D, et al. Fragmented QRS as a marker of conduction abnormality and a predictor of prognosis of Brugada syndrome.

　Circulation 2008; 118: 1697-1704.

424. Ikeda T, Abe A, Yusu S, et al. The full stomach test as a novel diagnostic technique for identifying patients at risk of Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc

　Electrophysiol 2006; 17: 602-607.

425. Eckardt L, Bruns HJ, Paul M, et al. Body surface area of ST elevation and the presence of late potentials correlate to the inducibility of ventricular

　tachyarrhythmias in Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002; 13: 742-749.

426. Takami M, Ikeda T, Enjoji Y, et al. Relationship between ST-segment morphology and conduction disturbances detected by signal-averaged

　electrocardiography in Brugada syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2003; 8: 30-36.

427. Brugada R, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C, et al. Sodium channel blockers identify risk for sudden death in patients with ST-segment elevation and right

　bundle branch block but structurally normal hearts. Circulation 2000; 101: 510-515.

428. Hermida JS, Leenhardt A, Cauchemez B, et al. Decreased nocturnal standard deviation of averaged NN intervals. An independent marker to identify

　patients at risk in the Brugada Syndrome. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 2061-2069.

429. 循環器病の診断と治療に関するガイドライン．QT延長症候群（先天性・二次性）とBruada症候群の診療に冠するガイドライン．Circ J 2007; 71,Suppl. Ⅳ:

　1205-1253.

430. Hermida JS, Denjoy I, Clerc J, et al. Hydroquinidine therapy in Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1853-1860.

431. Watanabe H, Chinushi M, Washizuka T, et al. Sugiura H, Hirono T, Komura S, Hosaka Y, Yamaura M, Tanabe Y, Variable electrocardiographic

　effects of short-term quinidine sulfate administration in Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28: 372-377.

432. Tsuchiya T, Ashikaga K, Honda T, et al. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by cilostazol , an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in a patient with

　Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002; 13: 698-701.

433. Sugao M, Fujiki A, Nishida K, et al. Repolarization dynamics in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: pharmacological therapy with bepridil

　and disopyramide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 45: 545-549.

434. Watanabe A, Fukushima Kusano K, Morita H, et al. Lowdose isoproterenol for repetitive ventricular arrhythmia in patients with Brugada syndrome. Eur

　Heart J 2006; 27: 1579-1583.

435. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf-mutism,functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval,and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;

　54: 59-68.

436. Romano C, Gemme G, Pongiglione R. Aritmie cardiache rare dell’eta’ pediatrica．Accessi sincopali per fibrillazione ventricolare parossistica. Clin

　Pediatr (Bologna) 1963; 45: 656-683.

437. Ward OC. A new familial cardiac syndorome in children. J Irish Med Assoc 1964; 54: 103-106.

438. Antzelvitch C, Shimizu W. Cellular mechanisms underlying the long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002; 17: 43-51.

439. Ackermann MJ. The long QT syndrome: Ion channel diseases of the heart. Myo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 250-269.

440. Locati EH, Zareba W, Moss AJ, et al. Age- and sex-related differences in clinical manifestations in patients with congenital long-QT syndrome:

　findings from the International LQTS Registry. Circulation 1998; 97: 2237-2244.

441. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2000; 101: 616

　-623.

442. Moss AJ, Robinson JL, Gessman L, et al. Comparison of clinical and genetic variables of cardiac events associated with loud noise versus swimming

　among subjects with the long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 876-879.

443. Dahimène S, Alcoléa S, Naud P, et al. The N-terminal juxtamembranous domain of KCNQ1 is critical for channel surface expression: implications in

　the Romano-Ward LQT1 syndrome. Circ Res 2006; 99: 1076-1083.

444. Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, et al. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County,

　Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation 1993; 87: 866-873.

445. Fitzsimmons PJ, McWhirter PD, Peterson DW, et al. The natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in 228 military aviators: a long-term

　follow-up of 22 years. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 530-536.

446. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. A randomized study of prophylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson

　-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1803-1811.

447. Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, et al. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by

　radiofrequency current. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1605-1611.

448. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, et al. Usefulness of invasive electrophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic

　patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 239-244.

449. Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, et al. Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 492-494.

450. Auricchio A, Klein H, Trappe HJ, et al. Lack of prognostic value of syncope in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;

　17: 152-158.

451. Boahene KA, Klein GJ, Sharma AD, et al. Value of a revised procainamide test in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 195

　-200.

452. Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Gorgels AP, et al. Vanagt EJ. Use of ajmaline in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to disclose short refractory

　period of the accessory pathway. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 130-133.

453. Horan M, Venables AW. Paroxysmal tachycardia with episodic unconsciousness. Arch Dis Child 1962; 37: 82-85.

454. Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, et al. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. Circulation 1995; 91: 1512-1519.

455. Eisenberg S, Scheinman M, Dullet N, et al. Sudden cardiac death and polymorphous ventricular tachycardia in patients with normal QT intervals and

　normal systolic cardiac function. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 687-692.

456. Sumitomo N, Sakurada H, Taniguchi K, et al. Association of atrial arrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction in patients with catecholaminergic

　polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ J 2007; 71: 1606-1609.

457. Bhuiyan ZA, van den Berg MP, van Tintelen JP, et al. Expanding spectrum of human RYR2-related disease: new electrocardiographic, structural, and

　genetic features. Circulation 2007; 116: 1569-1576.

458. Rosso R, Kalman JM, Rogowski O, et al. Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced

　arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 1149-1154.

459. Watanabe H, Chopra N, Laver D, et al. Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans.

Nat Med 2009;15: 380-383.

460. Sumitomo N, Sakurada H, Mugishima H, et al. Adenosine Triphosphate Terminates Bidi rect ional Ventricular Tachycardia in a Patient with

　Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2008; 4: 496-497.

461. Mohamed U, Gollob MH, Gow RM, et al. Sudden cardiac death despite an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in a young female with

　catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia.Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 1486-1489.

462. Wilde AA, Bhuiyan ZA, Crotti L, et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med

　2008; 358: 2024-2029.

463. Sumitomo N, Nakamura T, Fukuhara J, et al. Clinical effectiveness of pulmonary vein isolation for arrhythmic events in a patient with

catecholaminergic

　polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Vessel 2010; 25: 448-452.

464. Myrianthefs M, Cariolou M, Eldar M, et al. Exerciseinduced ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in a family. Chest

1997; 111: 1130-1133.

465. Belhassen B, Shapira I, Shoshani D, et al. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: inducibility and beneficial effects of class I antiarrhythmic agents.

　Circulation 1987; 75: 809-816.

466. Poole JE, Mathisen TL, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Long-term outcome in patients who survive out of hospital ventricular fibrillation and undergo

　electrophysiologic studies: evaluation by electrophysiologic subgroups. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 657-665.

467. Roelke M, Powell AC, Ribertson RR, et al . Electrophysiologic observations and long-term follow-up in eleven patients with idiopathic ventricular

　fibrillation. (Abstract) J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 283A.

468. Meissner MD, Lehmann MH, Steinman RT, et al. Ventricular fibrillation in patients without significant structural heart disease: a multicenter

experience

　with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 1406-1412.

469. Wever EF, Hauer RN, Oomen A, et al. Unfavorable outcome in patients with primary electrical disease who survived an episode of ventricular

　fibrillation. Circulation 1993; 88: 1021-1029.

470. Aizawa Y, Tamura M, Chinushi M, et al. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and bradycardia-dependent intraventricular block. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 1473

　-1474.

471. Aizawa Y, Naitoh N , Washizuka T, et al . Electrophysiological findings in idiopathic recurrent ventricular fibrillation: special reference to mode of

　induction, drug testing, and long-term outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 929-939.

472. Haïssaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2016-2023.

473. Sugrue DD, Holmes DR Jr, Gersh BJ, et al. Cardiac histologic findings in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias of unknown origin. J Am

　Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 952-957.

474. Hosenpud JD, McAnulty JH, Niles NR, et al. Unexpected myocardial disease in patients with life threatening arrhythmias. Br Heart J 1986; 56: 55-61.

475. Haïssaguerre M, Shoda M, Jais P, et al. Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 106: 962-967.

476. Leenhardt A, Glaser E., Burguera M, et al. Short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes. A new electrocardiographic entity in the spectrum of idiopathic

　ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1994; 89: 206-215.

477. Itoh E, Aizawa Y, Washizuka T, et al. Two cases of ventricular parasystole associated with ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;

　19: 370-373.

478. Cambell M. Calcific aortic stenosis and congenital aortic valves. Br Heart J 1968; 30: 606-616.

479. Schwartz LS, Goldfisher J, Sprague GJ, et al. Syncope and sudden death in aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1969; 23: 647-658.

480. Olshausen KV, Witt T, Pop T, et al. Sudden cardiac death while wearing a Holter monitor. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 381-386.

481. Matthews AW, Barritt DW, Keen GE, et al. Preoperative mortality in aortic stenosis. Br Heart J 1974; 36: 101-103.

482. Chizner MA, Pearle DL, deLeon AC Jr. The natural history of aortic stenosis in adults. Am Heart J 1980; 99: 419-424.

483. Kelly TA, Rothbart RM, Cooper CM, et al. Comparison of outcome of asymptomatic to symptomatic patients older than 20 years of age with valvular

　aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 123-130.

484. Pellikka PA, Nishimura RA, Bailey KR, et al. The natural history of adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. J Am Coll

　Cardiol 1990; 15: 1012-1017.

485. Mark AL. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1: 90-102.

486. Klein RC. Ventricular arrhythmias in aortic valve disease: analysis of 102 patients. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1079-1083.

487. Olshausen KV, Schwarz F, Apfelbach J, et al. Determinants of the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias in aortic valve disease. Am J

　Cardiol 1983; 51: 1103-1109.

488. Michel PL, Mandagout O, Vahanian A, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in aortic valve disease before and after aortic valve replacement. Acta Cardiol

　1992; 47: 145-156.

489. Sorgato A, Faggiano P, Simoncelli U, et al. Prevalence of late potentials in adult aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol 1996; 53: 55-59.

490. Cripps TR, Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, et al. Signalaveraged electrocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 956

　-961.

491. Kulakowski P, Counihan PJ, Camm AJ, et al. The value of time and frequency domain, and spectral temporal mapping analysis of the signal-averaged

　electrocardiogram in identification of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at increased risk of sudden death. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 941-950.

492. von Olshausen K, Amann E, Hofmann M, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias before and late after aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 142-146.

493. Santinga JT, Kirsh MM, Flora JD Jr, et al. Factors relating to late sudden death in patients having aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 1980;

　29: 249-253.

494. Lund O. Preoperative risk evaluation and stratification of long-term survival after valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Reasons for earlier operative

　intervention. Circulation 1990; 82: 124-139.

495. Devereux RB, Perloff JK, Reichek N, et al. Mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 1976; 54: 3-14.

496. Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1-7.

497. Levy D, Savage D. Prevalence and clinical features of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1281-1290.

498. Davies MJ, Moore BP, Braimbridge MV. The floppy mitral valve: study of incidence, patholgy, and complications in surgical, necropsy, and forensic

　material. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 468-481.

499. Chesler E, King RA, Edwards JE. The myxomatous mitral valve and sudden death. Circulation 1983; 67: 632-639.

500. Nishimura RA, McGoon MD, Shub C, et al . Echocardiographically documented mitral-valve prolapse. Long-term follow-up of 237 patients. N Engl J

　Med 1985; 313: 1305-1309.

文献